Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): What is it? and what can I do about it?

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterised by challenges in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviours. While the signs and severity of ASD can vary widely, identification and appropriate interventions are crucial for individuals with this condition.  

Signs and Symptoms of Autism

The signs of autism can manifest in various ways, but some common yet broad indicators may include:

• Social Communication:

  • Delayed language development or uncommon language patterns

  • Difficulty initiating or maintaining conversations  

  • Limited eye contact  

  • Challenges understanding nonverbal cues  

  • Lack of interest in social interactions  

• Repetitive Behaviours:

  • Repetitive motor movements (e.g., hand-flapping, rocking)  

  • Need for structure and routine, and adversity to change  

  • Strong attachment to specific objects or interests  

  • Sensory sensitivities (e.g., aversion to certain sounds, textures)  

• Other Potential Signs:

  • Unusual play patterns  

  • Hyperactivity or hypoactivity

  • Delayed motor development  

Child Diagnosis

In children, signs of autism may become apparent as early as infancy or toddlerhood. Parents or caregivers may notice delays in language development, lack of social responsiveness, or repetitive behaviours. Accurate diagnosis and early intervention is crucial for children with autism, as it can significantly improve their developmental outcomes.  

Adult Diagnosis

Autism can also be diagnosed in adults, although it may be more challenging to recognise due to the development of coping mechanisms and social skills over time. Adults with undiagnosed autism may experience social difficulties, anxiety, dysregulation caused by situations which generally do not cause this response in others, depression, or other mental health conditions.  

Female Diagnosis

Autism can affect individuals of all genders, including females. However, autism in females may present differently than in males, often with less obvious social difficulties and a stronger focus on masking behaviours. This can lead to underdiagnosis in females, as their symptoms may not align with the typical male presentation of autism. It is also important to consider that a lot of autism research has been based on male presentations.   

Overlap of autism and trauma

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and trauma can sometimes present with overlapping symptoms, making diagnosis and treatment more complex. Both conditions can lead to social difficulties, emotional dysregulation, sensory sensitivities, and repetitive behaviours. Furthermore, individuals with autism may be more vulnerable to trauma due to possible social and communication difficulties. It is essential to consider both conditions during assessment and treatment. A comprehensive approach may involve trauma-focused conceptualisation while assessing autism, and making sure assessment and diagnosis are tailored to the individual's specific presentation.

Assessment and Diagnosis

If you suspect that your child or yourself may have autism, it is essential to seek a comprehensive assessment by a clinical psychologist. The assessment process typically involves:

1. Developmental Screening: This initial screening can help identify potential developmental delays or concerns.

2. Comprehensive assessment: This in-depth assessment may include:

   • Medical history review

   • Developmental history review

   • Behavioural observations

   • Standardized tests to assess cognitive, language, and social skills (e.g. ADOS-2, ADI-R, Migdas)

   • Parent interviews

Benefits of assessment and diagnosis (at any age)

A timely diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) offers significant benefits for both children and adults. For children, early diagnosis enables early intervention, leading to improved developmental outcomes, enhanced social skills, and better academic performance. Early intervention can also reduce behavioural challenges and promote independence. For adults, a diagnosis can provide a sense of understanding, validation, and support. It can help explain past struggles, reduce feelings of isolation, and facilitate access to appropriate accommodations and therapies. Understanding one's diagnosis can empower individuals to advocate for their needs, build stronger relationships, and improve their overall quality of life.

Treatment Options

Early intervention is important to maximising the potential of individuals with autism, however diagnosis at any age can have major benefits. Treatment approaches are often tailored to the specific needs and strengths of each individual. Some common treatment options include:  

• Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA): This evidence-based therapy focuses on teaching functional skills through positive reinforcement and shaping behaviours.  

• Speech-Language Therapy: This therapy helps individuals develop communication skills, including language comprehension, expressive language, and social communication.  

• Occupational Therapy: This therapy addresses sensory processing challenges and helps individuals develop daily living skills, such as self-care and fine motor skills.

• Social Skills Training: This therapy focuses on teaching social skills, such as initiating conversations, maintaining eye contact, and understanding social cues.  

• Medication: In some cases, medication may be used to address specific symptoms, such as anxiety or aggression.  

It's important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating autism. A collaborative approach involving parents, educators, and healthcare professionals is advised to create an individualised treatment plan.

Referral for assessment

If you suspect you, your child, one of your clients, or someone you know may experience any of the above, please contact us to book an appointment. You can also find other resources and articles on our website which may help.

Jordi Tome - BA(Psych), MClinPsych

Clinical Psychologist

Director, Jigsaw Psychology and Assessments www.jigsawpsych.com.au